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The limaçon is a polar curve of the form r=b+acostheta (1) also called the limaçon of Pascal. It was first investigated by Dürer, who gave a method for drawing it in ...

A linear recurrence equation is a recurrence equation on a sequence of numbers {x_n} expressing x_n as a first-degree polynomial in x_k with k<n. For example ...

Lorentzian n-space is the inner product space consisting of the vector space R^n together with the n-dimensional Lorentzian inner product. In the event that the (1,n-1) ...

The Lyapunov characteristic exponent [LCE] gives the rate of exponential divergence from perturbed initial conditions. To examine the behavior of an orbit around a point ...

The number M_2(n) = 1/nsum_(k=1)^(n^2)k (1) = 1/2n(n^2+1) (2) to which the n numbers in any horizontal, vertical, or main diagonal line must sum in a magic square. The first ...

Marion's theorem (Mathematics Teacher 1993, Maushard 1994, Morgan 1994) states that the area of the central hexagonal region determined by trisection of each side of a ...

A geometric construction done with a movable compass alone. All constructions possible with a compass and straightedge are possible with a movable compass alone, as was ...

Let f(z) be an entire function such that f(n) is an integer for each positive integer n. Then Pólya (1915) showed that if lim sup_(r->infty)(lnM_r)/r<ln2=0.693... (1) (OEIS ...

Let kappa_1 and kappa_2 be the principal curvatures, then their mean H=1/2(kappa_1+kappa_2) (1) is called the mean curvature. Let R_1 and R_2 be the radii corresponding to ...

The mean line segment length l^_ is the average length of a line segment in line segment picking within some given shape. As summarized in the following table (where Delta(3) ...