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Stochastic is synonymous with "random." The word is of Greek origin and means "pertaining to chance" (Parzen 1962, p. 7). It is used to indicate that a particular subject is ...

In 1704, Sebastien Truchet considered all possible patterns formed by tilings of right triangles oriented at the four corners of a square (Wolfram 2002, p. 875). Truchet's ...

Universal algebra studies common properties of all algebraic structures, including groups, rings, fields, lattices, etc. A universal algebra is a pair A=(A,(f_i^A)_(i in I)), ...

Wolfram (2002, p. 123) considered the sequence related to the Collatz problem obtained by iterating w_n={3/2w_(n-1) for w_(n-1) even; 3/2(w_(n-1)+1) for w_(n-1) odd (1) ...

If (1+xsin^2alpha)sinbeta=(1+x)sinalpha, then (1+x)int_0^alpha(dphi)/(sqrt(1-x^2sin^2phi))=int_0^beta(dphi)/(sqrt(1-(4x)/((1+x)^2)sin^2phi)).

S(nu,z) = int_0^infty(1+t)^(-nu)e^(-zt)dt (1) = z^(nu-1)e^zint_z^inftyu^(-nu)e^(-u)du (2) = z^(nu/2-1)e^(z/2)W_(-nu/2,(1-nu)/2)(z), (3) where W_(k,m)(z) is the Whittaker ...

The first Morley triangle DeltaA^'B^'C^', also simply known as "Morley's triangle", is the triangle constructed from pairwise intersections of the angle trisectors of a given ...

The Wallis formula follows from the infinite product representation of the sine sinx=xproduct_(n=1)^infty(1-(x^2)/(pi^2n^2)). (1) Taking x=pi/2 gives ...

Given triangle DeltaA_1A_2A_3, let the point of intersection of A_2Omega and A_3Omega^' be B_1, where Omega and Omega^' are the Brocard points, and similarly define B_2 and ...

Let alpha(x) be a step function with the jump j(x)=(N; x)p^xq^(N-x) (1) at x=0, 1, ..., N, where p>0,q>0, and p+q=1. Then the Krawtchouk polynomial is defined by ...