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Let omega be the cube root of unity (-1+isqrt(3))/2. Then the Eisenstein primes are Eisenstein integers, i.e., numbers of the form a+bomega for a and b integers, such that ...

The imaginary part I[z] of a complex number z=x+iy is the real number multiplying i, so I[x+iy]=y. In terms of z itself, I[z]=(z-z^_)/(2i), where z^_ is the complex conjugate ...

A method for generating random (pseudorandom) numbers using the linear recurrence relation X_(n+1)=aX_n+c (mod m), where a and c must assume certain fixed values, m is some ...

The decimal expansion of the natural logarithm of 10 is given by ln10=2.302585092994045684... (1) (OEIS A002392). It is also given by the BBP-type formulas ln10 = (2) = ...

A vector space V with a ring structure and a vector norm such that for all v,W in V, ||vw||<=||v||||w||. If V has a multiplicative identity 1, it is also required that ...

A number theoretic character, also called a Dirichlet character (because Dirichlet first introduced them in his famous proof that every arithmetic progression with relatively ...

The real part R[z] of a complex number z=x+iy is the real number not multiplying i, so R[x+iy]=x. In terms of z itself, R[z]=1/2(z+z^_), where z^_ is the complex conjugate of ...

Let A be an n×n matrix with complex or real elements with eigenvalues lambda_1, ..., lambda_n. Then the spectral radius rho(A) of A is rho(A)=max_(1<=i<=n)|lambda_i|, i.e., ...

A curve investigated by Talbot which is the ellipse negative pedal curve with respect to the ellipse's center for ellipses with eccentricity e^2>1/2 (Lockwood 1967, p. 157). ...

Given an n-dimensional vector x=[x_1; x_2; |; x_n], (1) a general vector norm |x|, sometimes written with a double bar as ||x||, is a nonnegative norm defined such that 1. ...