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The smallest n for which a point x_0 is a periodic point of a function f so that f^n(x_0)=x_0. For example, for the function f(x)=-x, all points x have period 2 (including ...

Lehmer's formula is a formula for the prime counting function, pi(x) = (1) where |_x_| is the floor function, a = pi(x^(1/4)) (2) b = pi(x^(1/2)) (3) b_i = pi(sqrt(x/p_i)) ...

A wavelet used in multiresolution representation to analyze the information content of images. The wavelet is defined by ...

Limacon Evolute The catacaustic of a circle for a radiant point is the limaçon evolute. It has parametric equations x = (a[4a^2+4b^2+9abcost-abcos(3t)])/(4(2a^2+b^2+3abcost)) ...

For two lines in the plane with endpoints (x_1,x_2) and (x_3,x_4), the angle between them is given by costheta=((x_2-x_1)·(x_4-x_3))/(|x_2-x_1||x_4-x_3|). (1) The angle theta ...

A linear functional on a real vector space V is a function T:V->R, which satisfies the following properties. 1. T(v+w)=T(v)+T(w), and 2. T(alphav)=alphaT(v). When V is a ...

The links curve is the quartic curve given by the Cartesian equation (x^2+y^2-3x)^2=4x^2(2-x). (1) The area enclosed by the outer envelope is A_(envelope)=1/6(9pi+8) (2) and ...

For all integers n and |x|<a, lambda_n^((t))(x+a)=sum_(k=0)^infty|_n; k]lambda_(n-k)^((t))(a)x^k, where lambda_n^((t)) is the harmonic logarithm and |_n; k] is a Roman ...

The logarithmic distribution is a continuous distribution for a variate X in [a,b] with probability function P(x)=(lnx)/(b(lnb-1)-a(lna-1)) (1) and distribution function ...

Let p be prime and r = r_mp^m+...+r_1p+r_0 (0<=r_i<p) (1) k = k_mp^m+...+k_1p+k_0 (0<=k_i<p), (2) then (r; k)=product_(i=0)^m(r_i; k_i) (mod p). (3) This is proved in Fine ...