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An Eisenstein series with half-period ratio tau and index r is defined by G_r(tau)=sum^'_(m=-infty)^inftysum^'_(n=-infty)^infty1/((m+ntau)^r), (1) where the sum sum^(') ...

An empty graph on n nodes consists of n isolated nodes with no edges. Such graphs are sometimes also called edgeless graphs or null graphs (though the term "null graph" is ...

According to Euler's rotation theorem, any rotation may be described using three angles. If the rotations are written in terms of rotation matrices D, C, and B, then a ...

The finite difference is the discrete analog of the derivative. The finite forward difference of a function f_p is defined as Deltaf_p=f_(p+1)-f_p, (1) and the finite ...

The floor function |_x_|, also called the greatest integer function or integer value (Spanier and Oldham 1987), gives the largest integer less than or equal to x. The name ...

The function frac(x) giving the fractional (noninteger) part of a real number x. The symbol {x} is sometimes used instead of frac(x) (Graham et al. 1994, p. 70; Havil 2003, ...

The inverse cotangent is the multivalued function cot^(-1)z (Zwillinger 1995, p. 465), also denoted arccotz (Abramowitz and Stegun 1972, p. 79; Harris and Stocker 1998, p. ...

The inverse sine is the multivalued function sin^(-1)z (Zwillinger 1995, p. 465), also denoted arcsinz (Abramowitz and Stegun 1972, p. 79; Harris and Stocker 1998, p. 307; ...

The term metric signature refers to the signature of a metric tensor g=g_(ij) on a smooth manifold M, a tool which quantifies the numbers of positive, zero, and negative ...

The natural logarithm lnx is the logarithm having base e, where e=2.718281828.... (1) This function can be defined lnx=int_1^x(dt)/t (2) for x>0. This definition means that e ...