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Einstein summation is a notational convention for simplifying expressions including summations of vectors, matrices, and general tensors. There are essentially three rules of ...

The Floyd-Warshall algorithm, also variously known as Floyd's algorithm, the Roy-Floyd algorithm, the Roy-Warshall algorithm, or the WFI algorithm, is an algorithm for ...

A rational number expressed in the form a/b (in-line notation) or a/b (traditional "display" notation), where a is called the numerator and b is called the denominator. When ...

Gelfond's theorem, also called the Gelfond-Schneider theorem, states that a^b is transcendental if 1. a is algebraic !=0,1 and 2. b is algebraic and irrational. This provides ...

Ore (1962) noted that not only does a tree possesses a unique shortest path between any two vertices, but that there also exist also other connected graphs having the same ...

A group G is said to act on a set X when there is a map phi:G×X->X such that the following conditions hold for all elements x in X. 1. phi(e,x)=x where e is the identity ...

A representation of a group G is a group action of G on a vector space V by invertible linear maps. For example, the group of two elements Z_2={0,1} has a representation phi ...

Given two randomly chosen n×n integer matrices, what is the probability D(n) that the corresponding determinants are relatively prime? Hafner et al. (1993) showed that ...

There are at least two definitions of hypercomplex numbers. Clifford algebraists call their higher dimensional numbers hypercomplex, even though they do not share all the ...

The icosahedral group I_h is the group of symmetries of the icosahedron and dodecahedron having order 120, equivalent to the group direct product A_5×Z_2 of the alternating ...