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Successive application of Archimedes' recurrence formula gives the Archimedes algorithm, which can be used to provide successive approximations to pi (pi). The algorithm is ...

Binet's first formula for the log gamma function lnGamma(z), where Gamma(z) is a gamma function, is given by for R[z]>0 (Erdélyi et al. 1981, p. 21; Whittaker and Watson ...

A Gaussian quadrature-like formula for numerical estimation of integrals. It uses weighting function W(x)=1 in the interval [-1,1] and forces all the weights to be equal. The ...

e^(i(ntheta))=(e^(itheta))^n. (1) From the Euler formula it follows that cos(ntheta)+isin(ntheta)=(costheta+isintheta)^n. (2) A similar identity holds for the hyperbolic ...

A real vector bundle pi:E->M has an orientation if there exists a covering by trivializations U_i×R^k such that the transition functions are vector space ...

Draw a circle that cuts three given circles perpendicularly. The solution is known as the radical circle of the given three circles. If it lies outside the three circles, ...

A hypersphere S^n is parallelizable if there are n vector fields that are linearly independent at each point. There exist only three parallelizable spheres: S^1, S^3, and S^7 ...

A triple of three arbitrary vectors with common vertex (Altshiller-Court 1979), often called a trihedral angle since it determines three planes. The vectors are often taken ...

Let the values of a function f(x) be tabulated at points x_i equally spaced by h=x_(i+1)-x_i, so f_1=f(x_1), f_2=f(x_2), ..., f_n=f(x_n). Then Durand's rule approximating the ...

Consider a clause (disjunction of literals) obtained from those of a first-order logic sentential formula Phi in Skolemized form forall x_1... forall x_nS, then a clause ...