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A plane-filling arrangement of plane figures or its generalization to higher dimensions. Formally, a tiling is a collection of disjoint open sets, the closures of which cover ...

The torus grid graph T_(m,n) is the graph formed from the graph Cartesian product C_m square C_n of the cycle graphs C_m and C_n. C_m square C_n is isomorphic to C_n square ...

A complete oriented graph (Skiena 1990, p. 175), i.e., a graph in which every pair of nodes is connected by a single uniquely directed edge. The first and second 3-node ...

The study of angles and of the angular relationships of planar and three-dimensional figures is known as trigonometry. The trigonometric functions (also called the circular ...

The truncated great dodecahedral graph is the skeleton of the small stellated truncated dodecahedron and truncated great dodecahedron. It is illustrated above in a number of ...

The wreath graph W(n,k) is the graph obtained by taking n collections of k nodes and arranging around a circle such that all nodes in adjacent collections are connected. ...

Probability and Statistics

The smallest positive composite number and the first even perfect square. Four is the smallest even number appearing in a Pythagorean triple: 3, 4, 5. In the numerology of ...

A connective in logic which yields true if all conditions are true, and false if any condition is false. A AND B is denoted A ^ B (Mendelson 1997, p. 12), A&B, A intersection ...

A mechanical counting device consisting of a frame holding a series of parallel rods on each of which beads are strung. Each bead represents a counting unit, and each rod a ...