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A tree having four branches at each node. Quadtrees are used in the construction of some multidimensional databases (e.g., cartography, computer graphics, and image ...

The mathematical study of combinatorial objects in which a certain degree of order must occur as the scale of the object becomes large. Ramsey theory is named after Frank ...

Consider the Fibonacci-like recurrence a_n=+/-a_(n-1)+/-a_(n-2), (1) where a_0=0, a_1=1, and each sign is chosen independently and at random with probability 1/2. ...

The operation of exchanging all points of a mathematical object with their mirror images (i.e., reflections in a mirror). Objects that do not change handedness under ...

Every smooth nonzero vector field on the 3-sphere has at least one closed orbit. The conjecture was proposed in 1950 and proved true for Hopf maps. The conjecture was ...

There are several fractal curves associated with Sierpiński. The area for the first Sierpiński curve illustrated above (Sierpiński curve 1912) is A=1/3(7-4sqrt(2)). The curve ...

A simplex, sometimes called a hypertetrahedron (Buekenhout and Parker 1998), is the generalization of a tetrahedral region of space to n dimensions. The boundary of a ...

In discrete percolation theory, site percolation is a percolation model on a regular point lattice L=L^d in d-dimensional Euclidean space which considers the lattice vertices ...

A curve which may pass through any region of three-dimensional space, as contrasted to a plane curve which must lie in a single plane. Von Staudt (1847) classified space ...

The space groups in two dimensions are called wallpaper groups. In three dimensions, the space groups are the symmetry groups possible in a crystal lattice with the ...