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Consider the general system of two first-order ordinary differential equations x^. = f(x,y) (1) y^. = g(x,y). (2) Let x_0 and y_0 denote fixed points with x^.=y^.=0, so ...

The mean tangent diameter of a solid, also known as the mean caliper diameter, is the caliper dimension obtained by averaging over all orientations.

Let alpha and beta be any ordinal numbers, then ordinal exponentiation is defined so that if beta=0 then alpha^beta=1. If beta is not a limit ordinal, then choose gamma such ...

Overdamped simple harmonic motion is a special case of damped simple harmonic motion x^..+betax^.+omega_0^2x=0, (1) in which beta^2-4omega_0^2>0. (2) Therefore ...

A proper ideal I of a ring R is called semiprime if, whenever J^n subset I for an ideal J of R and some positive integer, then J subset I. In other words, the quotient ring ...

Special affine curvature, also called as the equi-affine or affine curvature, is a type of curvature for a plane curve that remains unchanged under a special affine ...

The special orthogonal group SO_n(q) is the subgroup of the elements of general orthogonal group GO_n(q) with determinant 1. SO_3 (often written SO(3)) is the rotation group ...

A shortened term for integral transform. Geometrically, if S and T are two transformations, then the similarity transformation TST^(-1) is sometimes called the transform ...

Informally, a function f:{0,1}^(l(n))×{0,1}^n->{0,1}^(m(n)) is a trapdoor one-way function if 1. It is a one-way function, and 2. For fixed public key y in {0,1}^(l(n)), ...

An urelement contains no elements, belongs to some set, and is not identical with the empty set (Moore 1982, p. 3; Rubin 1967, p. 23). "Ur" is a German prefix which is ...