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Given a plane ax+by+cz+d=0 (1) and a point x_0=(x_0,y_0,z_0), the normal vector to the plane is given by v=[a; b; c], (2) and a vector from the plane to the point is given by ...

A class of map projections in which the parallels are represented by a system of non-concentric circular arcs with centers lying on the straight line representing the central ...

For a polynomial P=sum_(k=0)^na_kz^k, (1) several classes of norms are commonly defined. The l_p-norm is defined as ||P||_p=(sum_(k=0)^n|a_k|^p)^(1/p) (2) for p>=1, giving ...

A polyomino-like object made by attaching squares joined either at sides or corners. Because neighboring squares can be in relation to one another as kings may move on a ...

A prime circle of order 2n is a free circular permutation of the numbers from 1 to 2n with adjacent pairs summing to a prime. The number of prime circles for n=1, 2, ..., are ...

Given an integer sequence {a_n}_(n=1)^infty, a prime number p is said to be a primitive prime factor of the term a_n if p divides a_n but does not divide any a_m for m<n. It ...

The maximum and minimum of the normal curvature kappa_1 and kappa_2 at a given point on a surface are called the principal curvatures. The principal curvatures measure the ...

The Prosthaphaeresis formulas, also known as Simpson's formulas, are trigonometry formulas that convert a product of functions into a sum or difference. They are given by ...

A pseudotree is a connected pseudoforest, i.e., an undirected connected graph that contains at most one graph cycle. Connected acyclic graphs (i.e., trees), are therefore ...

The Latin prefix quadri- is used to indicate the number 4, for example, quadrilateral, quadrant, etc. However, it also very commonly used to denote objects involving the ...