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A doubly stochastic matrix is a matrix A=(a_(ij)) such that a_(ij)>=0 and sum_(i)a_(ij)=sum_(j)a_(ij)=1 is some field for all i and j. In other words, both the matrix itself ...

Informally, an elliptic curve is a type of cubic curve whose solutions are confined to a region of space that is topologically equivalent to a torus. The Weierstrass elliptic ...

A sequence of uncorrelated numbers alpha_n developed by Wiener (1926-1927). The numbers are constructed by beginning with {1,-1}, (1) then forming the outer product with ...

An amicable pair (m,n) consists of two integers m,n for which the sum of proper divisors (the divisors excluding the number itself) of one number equals the other. Amicable ...

An embedding is a representation of a topological object, manifold, graph, field, etc. in a certain space in such a way that its connectivity or algebraic properties are ...

Let k be a field of finite characteristic p. Then a polynomial P(x) in k[x] is said to be additive iff P(a)+P(b)=P(a+b) for {a,b,a+b} subset k. For example, P(x)=x^2+x+4 is ...

A sequence of numbers V={nu_n} is complete if every positive integer n is the sum of some subsequence of V, i.e., there exist a_i=0 or 1 such that n=sum_(i=1)^inftya_inu_i ...

A fallacy is an incorrect result arrived at by apparently correct, though actually specious reasoning. The great Greek geometer Euclid wrote an entire book on geometric ...

An n×n square matrix M with M_(ii) = 1 (1) M_(ij) = M_(ji)>1 (2) for all i,j=1, ..., n.

R_m(x,y) = (J_m^'(x)Y_m^'(y)-J_m^'(y)Y_m^'(x))/(J_m(x)Y_m^'(y)-J_m^'(y)Y_m(x)) (1) S_m(x,y) = (J_m^'(x)Y_m(y)-J_m(y)Y_m^'(x))/(J_m(x)Y_m(y)-J_m(y)Y_m(x)). (2)