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The residue classes of a function f(x) mod n are all possible values of the residue f(x) (mod n). For example, the residue classes of x^2 (mod 6) are {0,1,3,4}, since 0^2=0 ...

Given the sum-of-factorials function Sigma(n)=sum_(k=1)^nk!, SW(p) is the smallest integer for p prime such that Sigma[SW(p)] is divisible by p. If pSigma(n) for all n<p, ...

The Riemann zeta function is an extremely important special function of mathematics and physics that arises in definite integration and is intimately related with very deep ...

The Paley graph of order q with q a prime power is a graph on q nodes with two nodes adjacent if their difference is a square in the finite field GF(q). This graph is ...

A finite simple group of Lie-type. The following table summarizes the types of twisted Chevalley groups and their respective orders. In the table, q denotes a prime power and ...

A special case of the Artin L-function for the polynomial x^2+1. It is given by L(s)=product_(p odd prime)1/(1-chi^-(p)p^(-s)), (1) where chi^-(p) = {1 for p=1 (mod 4); -1 ...

Let alpha be a nonzero rational number alpha=+/-p_1^(alpha_1)p_2^(alpha_2)...p_L^(alpha_L), where p_1, ..., p_L are distinct primes, alpha_l in Z and alpha_l!=0. Then ...

An integer n which is tested to see if it divides a given number.

The primes with Legendre symbol (n/p)=1 (less than N=pi(d) for trial divisor d) which need be considered when using the quadratic sieve factorization method.

A factorization algorithm which works by expressing N as a quadratic form in two different ways. Then N=a^2+b^2=c^2+d^2, (1) so a^2-c^2=d^2-b^2 (2) (a-c)(a+c)=(d-b)(d+b). (3) ...