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For two lines in the plane with endpoints (x_1,x_2) and (x_3,x_4), the angle between them is given by costheta=((x_2-x_1)·(x_4-x_3))/(|x_2-x_1||x_4-x_3|). (1) The angle theta ...

A linear code over a finite field with q elements F_q is a linear subspace C subset F_q^n. The vectors forming the subspace are called codewords. When codewords are chosen ...

A topology induced by the metric g defined on a metric space X. The open sets are all subsets that can be realized as the unions of open balls B(x_0,r)={x in X|g(x_0,x)<r}, ...

An n-dimensional open ball of radius r is the collection of points of distance less than r from a fixed point in Euclidean n-space. Explicitly, the open ball with center x ...

An n-dimensional open disk of radius r is the collection of points of distance less than r from a fixed point in Euclidean n-space. Krantz (1999, p. 3) uses the symbol D(x,r) ...

The y- (vertical) coordinate of a point in a two dimensional coordinate system. Physicists and astronomers sometimes use the term to refer to the axis itself instead of the ...

The diameter of a polygon is the largest distance between any pair of vertices. In other words, it is the length of the longest polygon diagonal (e.g., straight line segment ...

A prism graph, denoted Y_n, D_n (Gallian 1987), or Pi_n (Hladnik et al. 2002), and sometimes also called a circular ladder graph and denoted CL_n (Gross and Yellen 1999, p. ...

Let H be a Hilbert space and M a closed subspace of H. Corresponding to any vector x in H, there is a unique vector m_0 in M such that |x-m_0|<=|x-m| for all m in M. ...

The distance from the center of a circle to its perimeter, or from the center of a sphere to its surface. The radius is equal to half the diameter.