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The functions (also called the circular functions) comprising trigonometry: the cosecant cscx, cosine cosx, cotangent cotx, secant secx, sine sinx, and tangent tanx. However, ...

A weak Riemannian metric on a smooth manifold M is a (0,2) tensor field g which is both a weak pseudo-Riemannian metric and positive definite. In a very precise way, the ...

A branch cut is a curve (with ends possibly open, closed, or half-open) in the complex plane across which an analytic multivalued function is discontinuous. For convenience, ...

The natural logarithm lnx is the logarithm having base e, where e=2.718281828.... (1) This function can be defined lnx=int_1^x(dt)/t (2) for x>0. This definition means that e ...

The inverse tangent is the multivalued function tan^(-1)z (Zwillinger 1995, p. 465), also denoted arctanz (Abramowitz and Stegun 1972, p. 79; Harris and Stocker 1998, p. 311; ...

Machin-like formulas have the form mcot^(-1)u+ncot^(-1)v=1/4kpi, (1) where u, v, and k are positive integers and m and n are nonnegative integers. Some such formulas can be ...

Given relatively prime integers p and q (i.e., (p,q)=1), the Dedekind sum is defined by s(p,q)=sum_(i=1)^q((i/q))(((pi)/q)), (1) where ((x))={x-|_x_|-1/2 x not in Z; 0 x in ...

A differential k-form is a tensor of tensor rank k that is antisymmetric under exchange of any pair of indices. The number of algebraically independent components in n ...

A hyper-Kähler manifold can be defined as a Riemannian manifold of dimension 4n with three covariantly constant orthogonal automorphisms I, J, K of the tangent bundle which ...

The inverse cosecant is the multivalued function csc^(-1)z (Zwillinger 1995, p. 465), also denoted arccscz (Abramowitz and Stegun 1972, p. 79; Spanier and Oldham 1987, p. ...