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A strong inequality in which a is not only less than b, but much less (by some convention) is denoted a<<b.

A mathematical object S is said to be multiplicatively closed if a,b in S implies that ab in S.

A normalized form of the cumulative normal distribution function giving the probability that a variate assumes a value in the range [0,x], ...

A prime field is a finite field GF(p) for p is prime.

The word quadrature has (at least) three incompatible meanings. Integration by quadrature either means solving an integral analytically (i.e., symbolically in terms of known ...

The Riemann-Siegel formula is a formula discovered (but not published) by Riemann for computing an asymptotic formula for the Riemann-Siegel function theta(t). The formula ...

A point at which two noncrossing branches of a curve meet with different tangents.

The probability that a statistical test will be positive for a true statistic.

Stirling's approximation gives an approximate value for the factorial function n! or the gamma function Gamma(n) for n>>1. The approximation can most simply be derived for n ...

An inverse function of an Abelian integral. Abelian functions have two variables and four periods, and can be defined by Theta(v,tau;q^'; ...