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If and only if (i.e., necessary and sufficient). The terms "just if" or "exactly when" are sometimes used instead. A iff B is written symbolically as A<->B, A<=>B, A<->B, or ...

A matrix is ill-conditioned if the condition number is too large (and singular if it is infinite).

Radial line segments whose inward-pointing end produce the illusion of a circle or other figure. The apparent figure has the same color as the background, but appears ...

The imaginary part I[z] of a complex number z=x+iy is the real number multiplying i, so I[x+iy]=y. In terms of z itself, I[z]=(z-z^_)/(2i), where z^_ is the complex conjugate ...

For an n×n matrix, let S denote any permutation e_1, e_2, ..., e_n of the set of numbers 1, 2, ..., n, and let chi^((lambda))(S) be the character of the symmetric group ...

A special nonsingular map from one manifold to another such that at every point in the domain of the map, the derivative is an injective linear transformation. This is ...

Implicit differentiation is the procedure of differentiating an implicit equation with respect to the desired variable x while treating the other variables as unspecified ...

"Implies" is the connective in propositional calculus which has the meaning "if A is true, then B is also true." In formal terminology, the term conditional is often used to ...

An improper integral is a definite integral that has either or both limits infinite or an integrand that approaches infinity at one or more points in the range of ...

A riffle shuffle, in which the top half of the deck is placed in the left hand, and cards are then alternatively interleaved from the left and right hands. Using an ...