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The Gaussian integral, also called the probability integral and closely related to the erf function, is the integral of the one-dimensional Gaussian function over ...

The centroid is center of mass of a two-dimensional planar lamina or a three-dimensional solid. The mass of a lamina with surface density function sigma(x,y) is ...

The study of the probabilities involved in geometric problems, e.g., the distributions of length, area, volume, etc. for geometric objects under stated conditions. The ...

A path in a graph G is a subgraph of G that is a path graph (West 2000, p. 20). The length of a path is the number of edges it contains. In most contexts, a path must contain ...

An n-Hadamard graph is a graph on 4n vertices defined in terms of a Hadamard matrix H_n=(h)_(ij) as follows. Define 4n symbols r_i^+, r_i^-, c_i^+, and c_i^-, where r stands ...

In hexagonal close packing, layers of spheres are packed so that spheres in alternating layers overlie one another. As in cubic close packing, each sphere is surrounded by 12 ...

The Icosian game, also called the Hamiltonian game (Ball and Coxeter 1987, p. 262), is the problem of finding a Hamiltonian cycle along the edges of an dodecahedron, i.e., a ...

p^x is an infinitary divisor of p^y (with y>0) if p^x|_(y-1)p^y, where d|_kn denotes a k-ary Divisor (Guy 1994, p. 54). Infinitary divisors therefore generalize the concept ...

The Königsberg bridge problem asks if the seven bridges of the city of Königsberg (left figure; Kraitchik 1942), formerly in Germany but now known as Kaliningrad and part of ...

The Laplacian for a scalar function phi is a scalar differential operator defined by (1) where the h_i are the scale factors of the coordinate system (Weinberg 1972, p. 109; ...