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Backgammon is a board game played by two players. The backgammon board is divided into four sections of six triangular regions on which pieces may be placed. Brown and white ...

A map is called bijective if it is both injective and surjective. A bijective map is also called a bijection. A function f admits an inverse f^(-1) (i.e., "f is invertible") ...

The Cesàro fractal is a fractal also known as the torn square fractal. The base curves and motifs for the two fractals illustrated above are shown below. Starting with a unit ...

Chevalley's theorem, also known as the Chevalley-Waring theorem, states that if f is a polynomial in F[x_1,...,x_n], where F is a finite field of field characteristic p, and ...

Church proved several important theorems that now go by the name Church's theorem. One of Church's theorems states that there is no consistent decidable extension of Peano ...

After a half rotation of the coin on the left around the central coin (of the same radius), the coin undergoes a complete rotation. In other words, a coin makes two complete ...

A function H that maps an arbitrary length message M to a fixed length message digest MD is a collision-free hash function if 1. It is a one-way hash function. 2. It is hard ...

The number of ways of picking k unordered outcomes from n possibilities. Also known as the binomial coefficient or choice number and read "n choose k," _nC_k=(n; ...

A monoid that is commutative i.e., a monoid M such that for every two elements a and b in M, ab=ba. This means that commutative monoids are commutative, associative, and have ...

Suppose <= is a partial ordering on a nonempty set A. Then the elements a,b in A are said to be comparable provided a<=b or b<=a. Because two elements in a partially ordered ...