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Let A be a relational system, and let L be a language which is appropriate for A. Let phi be a well-formed formula of L, and let s be a valuation in A. Then A|=_sphi is ...

The transitive closure of a binary relation R on a set X is the minimal transitive relation R^' on X that contains R. Thus aR^'b for any elements a and b of X provided that ...

A hyperbolic knot is a knot that has a complement that can be given a metric of constant curvature -1. All hyperbolic knots are prime knots (Hoste et al. 1998). A prime knot ...

A paradox mentioned in the Greek work Mechanica, dubiously attributed to Aristotle. Consider the above diagram depicting a wheel consisting of two concentric circles of ...

A "beam detector" for a given curve C is defined as a curve (or set of curves) through which every line tangent to or intersecting C passes. The shortest 1-arc beam detector, ...

A Cartan matrix is a square integer matrix who elements (A_(ij)) satisfy the following conditions. 1. A_(ij) is an integer, one of {-3,-2,-1,0,2}. 2. A_(ii)=2 the diagonal ...

A diagonal matrix is a square matrix A of the form a_(ij)=c_idelta_(ij), (1) where delta_(ij) is the Kronecker delta, c_i are constants, and i,j=1, 2, ..., n, with no implied ...

A simple way to describe a knot projection. The advantage of this notation is that it enables a knot diagram to be drawn quickly. For an oriented alternating knot with n ...

The EKG sequence is the integer sequence having 1 as its first term, 2 as its second, and with each succeeding term being the smallest number not already used that shares a ...

An ellipsoid can be specified parametrically by x = acosusinv (1) y = bsinusinv (2) z = ccosv. (3) The geodesic parameters are then P = sin^2v(b^2cos^2u+a^2sin^2u) (4) Q = ...