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A maximal independent vertex set of a graph is an independent vertex set that cannot be expanded to another independent vertex set by addition of any vertex in the graph. A ...

The Menger sponge is a fractal which is the three-dimensional analog of the Sierpiński carpet. The nth iteration of the Menger sponge is implemented in the Wolfram Language ...

A module is a mathematical object in which things can be added together commutatively by multiplying coefficients and in which most of the rules of manipulating vectors hold. ...

For n a positive integer, expressions of the form sin(nx), cos(nx), and tan(nx) can be expressed in terms of sinx and cosx only using the Euler formula and binomial theorem. ...

A n×n matrix A is an orthogonal matrix if AA^(T)=I, (1) where A^(T) is the transpose of A and I is the identity matrix. In particular, an orthogonal matrix is always ...

The osculating circle of a curve C at a given point P is the circle that has the same tangent as C at point P as well as the same curvature. Just as the tangent line is the ...

By analogy with the outer Napoleon triangle, consider the external erection of three squares on the sides of a triangle DeltaABC. These centers form a triangle DeltaO_AO_BO_C ...

A word is said to be overlapfree if it has no subwords of the form xyxyx. A squarefree word is overlapfree, and an overlapfree word is cubefree. The numbers t(n) of binary ...

Hadamard matrices H_n can be constructed using finite field GF(p^m) when p=4l-1 and m is odd. Pick a representation r relatively prime to p. Then by coloring white ...

The notion of parallel transport on a manifold M makes precise the idea of translating a vector field V along a differentiable curve to attain a new vector field V^' which is ...