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A nonzero vector v=(v_0,v_1,...,v_(n-1)) in n-dimensional Lorentzian space R^(1,n-1) is said to be positive timelike if it has imaginary (Lorentzian) norm and if its first ...

A short set of data that proves the primality of a number. A certificate can, in general, be checked much more quickly than the time required to generate the certificate. ...

An encoding which provides a bijection between the n^(n-2) labeled trees on n nodes and strings of n-2 integers chosen from an alphabet of the numbers 1 to n. A labeled tree ...

A Pythagorean quadruple is a set of positive integers a, b, c, and d that satisfy a^2+b^2+c^2=d^2. (1) For positive even a and b, there exist such integers c and d; for ...

The signature of a non-degenerate quadratic form Q=y_1^2+y_2^2+...+y_p^2-y_(p+1)^2-y_(p+2)^2-...-y_r^2 of rank r is most often defined to be the ordered pair (p,q)=(p,r-p) of ...

A Gaussian quadrature-like formula for numerical estimation of integrals. It requires m+1 points and fits all polynomials to degree 2m, so it effectively fits exactly all ...

The Randić spectral radius rho_(Randic) of a graph is defined as the largest eigenvalue of its Randić matrix.

Regular expressions define formal languages as sets of strings over a finite alphabet. Let sigma denote a selected alphabet. Then emptyset is a regular expression that ...

A regular patch is a patch x:U->R^n for which the Jacobian J(x)(u,v) has rank 2 for all (u,v) in U. A patch is said to be regular at a point (u_0,v_0) in U provided that its ...

Let I_A, I_B, and I_C be the vertices of the inner Soddy triangle, and also let E_A, E_B, and E_C be the pairwise contact points of the three tangent circles. Then the lines ...