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Polar Bear Curve


PolarBearCurve

The term "polar bear curve" can be used to refer to a bear-shaped polar curve. It can be constructed using polar coordinates and truncated expansions in Chebyshev polynomials of the first kind T_k(x). The curve's name is a mathematical pun on using polar coordinates to draw a bear.

The plot above shows a numerical reconstruction of the bear-shaped outline in Watt (2015), with parametric equations

x(t)=r(t)cos(theta(t))
(1)
y(t)=r(t)sin(theta(t)),
(2)

where -1<=t<=1, and both the radial coordinate r(t) and a continuously tracked polar angle theta(t) are approximated by

r(t)=sum_(k=0)^(128)a_kT_k(t)
(3)
theta(t)=sum_(k=0)^(128)b_kT_k(t),
(4)

where the radial scale is chosen so that a_0=1 and the polar angle need not increase throughout the traversal, meaning that this representation does not require a single-valued polar equation r=r(theta).

PolarBearCurveCoordinates

The plots above show the radial coordinate r(t) (left) and polar angle theta(t) (right) as functions of the parameter t.

PolarBearCurveCoefficients

The plots above show the magnitudes of the coefficients a_k (left) and b_k (right) as functions of the index k, using logarithmic vertical scales. Blue points indicate positive coefficients and red points indicate negative coefficients.

This reconstruction uses many more coefficients than the compact representations of von Neumann's elephant. It could presumably be simplified to give a similar schematic bear shape using fewer coefficients.


See also

Butterfly Curve, Chebyshev Polynomial of the First Kind, Polar Curve, von Neumann's Elephant

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References

Watt, S. M. "Interview with the (New) Dean." mathNEWS 128(6), 16-17, July 24, 2015. https://mathnews.uwaterloo.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/mathNEWS-128-6.pdf.

Cite this as:

Weisstein, Eric W. "Polar Bear Curve." From MathWorld--A Wolfram Resource. https://mathworld.wolfram.com/PolarBearCurve.html

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