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Invertible Knot


An invertible knot is a knot that can be deformed via an ambient isotopy into itself but with the orientation reversed. A knot that is not invertible is said to be noninvertible.

Knots with ten or fewer crossings can be tested in the Wolfram Language for invertibility using KnotData[knot, "Invertible"].

Fox (1962, p. 143) conjectured that the knot 8_(17) is noninvertible. Trotter (1963) proved that noninvertible knots exist by constructing an infinite family, the smallest of which has 15 crossings.

NoninvertibleKnot

Three prime knots with 9 or fewer crossings are noninvertible: 8_(17), 9_(32), and 9_(33) (Cromwell 2004, pp. 297-299). Some noninvertible knots can be obtained in the Wolfram Language as KnotData["Noninvertible"]. The simplest noninvertible knot, 8_(17), is illustrated above (Whitten 1972).

The following table gives the numbers of noninvertible and invertible prime knots with knot crossing number n=1, 2, 3, ..., counting each knot together with its mirror image.

typeOEIScounts
noninvertibleA0524030, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 2, 33, 187, 1144, 6919, 38118, 226581, 1309875, ...
invertibleA0524020, 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 7, 20, 47, 132, 365, 1032, 3069, 8854, 26712, 78830, ...

Invertibility can be decided by testing equivalence of an oriented knot with the same knot carrying the opposite orientation. Coward and Lackenby (2014, Theorem 1.1) give an explicit bound on the number of Reidemeister moves needed between equivalent oriented knot diagrams, yielding an algorithm for this test. Burde and Zieschang (2002) give a tabulation from which the noninvertible knots with up to 10 crossings can be extracted.


See also

Amphichiral Knot

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References

Burde, G. and Zieschang, H. Knots, 2nd rev. ed. Berlin, Germany: de Gruyter, 2002.Coward, A. and Lackenby, M. "An Upper Bound on Reidemeister Moves." Amer. J. Math. 136, 1023-1066, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1353/ajm.2014.0027.Cromwell, P. Knots and Links. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 2004.Fox, R. H. "A Quick Trip Through Knot Theory." In Topology of 3-Manifolds and Related Topics. Proc. The Univ. of Georgia Institute, 1961. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, pp. 120-167, 1962.Hoste, J.; Thistlethwaite, M.; and Weeks, J. "The First 1701936 Knots." Math. Intell. 20, 33-48, Fall 1998.Sloane, N. J. A. Sequences A052402 and A052403 in "The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences."Trotter, H. F. "Non-Invertible Knots Exist." Topology 2, 275-280, 1963. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-9383(63)90011-9.Whitten, W. "Surgically Transforming Links into Noninvertible Knots." Amer. J. Math. 94, 1269-1281, 1972.

Referenced on Wolfram|Alpha

Invertible Knot

Cite this as:

Weisstein, Eric W. "Invertible Knot." From MathWorld--A Wolfram Resource. https://mathworld.wolfram.com/InvertibleKnot.html

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