Apéry's numbers are defined by
 |  |  |
(1)
|
 |  | ![sum_(k=0)^(n)([(n+k)!]^2)/((k!)^4[(n-k)!]^2)](/images/equations/AperyNumber/Inline6.svg) |
(2)
|
 |  |  |
(3)
|
where 
is a binomial coefficient. The first few
for 
, 1, 2, ... are 1, 5, 73, 1445, 33001,
819005, ... (OEIS A005259).
The first few prime Apéry numbers are 5, 73, 12073365010564729, 10258527782126040976126514552283001, ... (OEIS A092826), which have indices 
, 2, 12, 24, ... (OEIS A092825).
The 
case of Schmidt's
problem expresses these numbers in the form
 |
(4)
|
(Strehl 1993, 1994; Koepf 1998, p. 55).
They are also given by the recurrence equation
 |
(5)
|
with 
and 
(Beukers 1987).
There is also an associated set of numbers
 |  |  |
(6)
|
 |  |  |
(7)
|
(Beukers 1987), where 
is a generalized hypergeometric
function. The values for 
, 1, ... are 1, 3, 19, 147, 1251, 11253, 104959, ... (OEIS
A005258). The first few prime 
-numbers are 5, 73, 12073365010564729, 10258527782126040976126514552283001,
... (OEIS A092827), which have indices 
, 2, 6, 8, ... (OEIS A092828),
with no others for 
(Weisstein, Mar. 8, 2004).
The 
numbers are also given by the recurrence
equation
 |
(8)
|
with 
and 
.
Both 
and 
arose in Apéry's irrationality
proof of 
and 
(van der Poorten 1979, Beukers
1987). They satisfy some surprising congruence properties,
 |
(9)
|
 |
(10)
|
for 
a prime 
and 
(Beukers 1985, 1987), as well as
 |
(11)
|
(Stienstra and Beukers 1985, Beukers 1987). Defining 
from the generating
function
 |  |  |
(12)
|
 |  |  |
(13)
|
where 
is a q-Pochhammer symbol, gives 
of 1, 
, 
,
24, 
, 
, ... (OEIS A030211;
Koike 1984) for 
,
3, 5, ..., and
 |
(14)
|
for 
an odd prime
(Beukers 1987). Furthermore, for 
an odd prime and 
,
 |
(15)
|
(Beukers 1987).
The Apéry numbers are given by the diagonal elements 
in the identity
 |  |  |
(16)
|
 |  |  |
(17)
|
 |  |  |
(18)
|
(Koepf 1998, p. 119).
et 
." Astérisque 61, 11-13, 1979.Apéry,
R. "Interpolation de fractions continues et irrationalité de certaines
constantes." Mathématiques, Ministère universités (France),
Comité travaux historiques et scientifiques. Bull. Section Sciences 3,
243-246, 1981.Beukers, F. "Some Congruences for the Apéry
Numbers." J. Number Th. 21, 141-155, 1985.Beukers,
F. "Another Congruence for the Apéry Numbers." J. Number Th. 25,
201-210, 1987.Chowla, S.; Cowles, J.; and Cowles, M. "Congruence
Properties of Apéry Numbers." J. Number Th. 12, 188-190,
1980.Gessel, I. "Some Congruences for the Apéry Numbers."
J. Number Th. 14, 362-368, 1982.Koepf, W. "Hypergeometric
Identities." Ch. 2 in 
Surfaces." Math. Ann. 271, 269-304, 1985.Strehl,
V. "Binomial Sums and Identities." Maple Technical Newsletter 10,
37-49, 1993.Strehl, V. "Binomial Identities--Combinatorial and
Algorithmic Aspects." Discrete Math. 136, 309-346, 1994.van
der Poorten, A. "A Proof that Euler Missed... Apéry's Proof of the Irrationality
of 
." Math. Intel. 1,
196-203, 1979.