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If there is no integer 0<x<p such that x^2=q (mod p), i.e., if the congruence (35) has no solution, then q is said to be a quadratic nonresidue (mod p). If the congruence ...

"Spikey" is the logo of Wolfram Research, makers of Mathematica and the Wolfram Language. In its original (Version 1) form, it is an augmented icosahedron with an ...

A zebra graph is a graph formed by all possible moves of a hypothetical chess piece called a "zebra" which moves analogously to a knight except that it is restricted to moves ...

A Dirichlet L-series is a series of the form L_k(s,chi)=sum_(n=1)^inftychi_k(n)n^(-s), (1) where the number theoretic character chi_k(n) is an integer function with period k, ...

The Riemann zeta function is an extremely important special function of mathematics and physics that arises in definite integration and is intimately related with very deep ...

RSA numbers are difficult to-factor composite numbers having exactly two prime factors (i.e., so-called semiprimes) that were listed in the Factoring Challenge of RSA ...

The Spencer-Brown form is a simple mathematical concept that formalizes what a mathematical object is formally identical to what it is not (Spencer-Brown 1997, pp. ix and ...

Every planar graph (i.e., graph with graph genus 0) has an embedding on a torus. In contrast, toroidal graphs are embeddable on the torus, but not in the plane, i.e., they ...

The j-function is the modular function defined by j(tau)=1728J(tau), (1) where tau is the half-period ratio, I[tau]>0, ...

The 600-cell is the finite regular four-dimensional polytope with Schläfli symbol {3,3,5}. It is also known as the hypericosahedron or hexacosichoron. It is composed of 600 ...