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A proper factor of a positive integer n is a factor of n other than 1 or n (Derbyshire 2004, p. 32). For example, 2 and 3 are positive proper factors of 6, but 1 and 6 are ...

A proper fraction is a fraction p/q with p,q>0 such that p/q<1. A fraction p/q>1 is called an improper fraction.

The derivative rule d/(dx)[(f(x))/(g(x))]=(g(x)f^'(x)-f(x)g^'(x))/([g(x)]^2).

The distance from the center of a circle to its perimeter, or from the center of a sphere to its surface. The radius is equal to half the diameter.

Consider the plane figure obtained by drawing each diagonal in a regular polygon. If each point of intersection is associated with a node and diagonals are split ar each ...

The sum of the aliquot divisors of n, given by s(n)=sigma(n)-n, where sigma(n) is the divisor function. The first few values are 0, 1, 1, 3, 1, 6, 1, 7, 4, 8, 1, 16, ... ...

Riemann's moduli space R_p is the space of analytic equivalence classes of Riemann surfaces of fixed genus p.

A negative number multiplied by another negative number gives a positive number.

Let R+B be the number of monochromatic forced triangles (where R and B are the number of red and blue triangles) in an extremal graph. Then R+B=(n; 3)-|_1/2n|_1/4(n-1)^2_|_|, ...

The second isodynamic point S^' has triangle center function alpha=sin(A-1/3pi) and is Kimberling center X_(16) (Kimberling 1998, p. 69).