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Kepler's equation gives the relation between the polar coordinates of a celestial body (such as a planet) and the time elapsed from a given initial point. Kepler's equation ...

A problem is assigned to the P (polynomial time) class if there exists at least one algorithm to solve that problem, such that the number of steps of the algorithm is bounded ...

A point process is a probabilistic model for random scatterings of points on some space X often assumed to be a subset of R^d for some d. Oftentimes, point processes describe ...

The Zak transform is a signal transform relevant to time-continuous signals sampled at a uniform rate and an arbitrary clock phase (Janssen 1988). The Zak transform of a ...

136·2^(256) approx 1.575×10^(79). According to Eddington, the exact number of protons in the universe, where 136 was the reciprocal of the fine structure constant as best as ...

In population studies, the direct offspring of a reference population (roughly) constitutes a single generation. For a cellular automaton, the fundamental unit of time during ...

A homotopy from one embedding of a manifold M in N to another such that at every time, it is an embedding. The notion of isotopy is category independent, so notions of ...

A problem is NP-hard if an algorithm for solving it can be translated into one for solving any NP-problem (nondeterministic polynomial time) problem. NP-hard therefore means ...

A problem in the calculus of variations. Let a vessel traveling at constant speed c navigate on a body of water having surface velocity u = u(x,y) (1) v = v(x,y). (2) The ...

An extremely powerful theorem in physics which states that each symmetry of a system leads to a physically conserved quantity. Symmetry under translation corresponds to ...