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A graph H is a minor of a graph G if a copy of H can be obtained from G via repeated edge deletion and/or edge contraction. The Kuratowski reduction theorem states that any ...

There are several definitions of the strength of a graph. Harary and Palmer (1959) and Harary and Palmer (1973, p. 66) define the strength of a tree as the maximum number of ...

A connected graph G is said to be t-tough if, for every integer k>1, G cannot be split into k different connected components by the removal of fewer than tk vertices. The ...

The Grassmannian Gr(n,k) is the set of k-dimensional subspaces in an n-dimensional vector space. For example, the set of lines Gr(n+1,1) is projective space. The real ...

A great circle is a section of a sphere that contains a diameter of the sphere (Kern and Bland 1948, p. 87). Sections of the sphere that do not contain a diameter are called ...

The great rhombicosidodecahedro is the 62-faced Archimedean solid with faces 30{4}+20{6}+12{10}. It is also known as the rhombitruncated icosidodecahedron, and is sometimes ...

For an integer n>=2, let gpf(x) denote the greatest prime factor of n, i.e., the number p_k in the factorization n=p_1^(a_1)...p_k^(a_k), with p_i<p_j for i<j. For n=2, 3, ...

Let A be an n×n real square matrix with n>=2 such that |sum_(i=1)^nsum_(j=1)^na_(ij)s_it_j|<=1 (1) for all real numbers s_1, s_2, ..., s_n and t_1, t_2, ..., t_n such that ...

In celestial mechanics, the fixed path a planet traces as it moves around the sun is called an orbit. When a group G acts on a set X (this process is called a group action), ...

The study of groups. Gauss developed but did not publish parts of the mathematics of group theory, but Galois is generally considered to have been the first to develop the ...