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There are several meanings of "null vector" in mathematics. 1. The most common meaning of null vector is the n-dimensional vector 0 of length 0. i.e., the vector with n ...

Numerical differentiation is the process of finding the numerical value of a derivative of a given function at a given point. In general, numerical differentiation is more ...

An orthonormal set is a set of normalized orthogonal vectors or functions.

An outlier is an observation that lies outside the overall pattern of a distribution (Moore and McCabe 1999). Usually, the presence of an outlier indicates some sort of ...

Two lines in two-dimensional Euclidean space are said to be parallel if they do not intersect. In three-dimensional Euclidean space, parallel lines not only fail to ...

The pathwidth of a graph G, also called the interval thickness, vertex separation number, and node searching number, is one less than the size of the largest set in a path ...

A packing of polyhedron in three-dimensional space. A polyhedron which can pack with no holes or gaps is said to be a space-filling polyhedron. Betke and Henk (2000) present ...

For a given signal, the power spectrum gives a plot of the portion of a signal's power (energy per unit time) falling within given frequency bins. The most common way of ...

A general set of methods for integrating ordinary differential equations. Predictor-corrector methods proceed by extrapolating a polynomial fit to the derivative from the ...

Given a matrix A, its QR-decomposition is a matrix decomposition of the form A=QR, where R is an upper triangular matrix and Q is an orthogonal matrix, i.e., one satisfying ...