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A bridged graph is a graph that contains one or more graph bridges. Examples of bridged graphs include path graphs, ladder rung graphs, the bull graph, star graphs, and ...

A reduction system is said to posses the Church-Rosser property if, for all x and y such that x<->_*y, there exists a z such that x->_*z and y->_*z. A reduction system is ...

The colon is the symbol ":". It is used in a number of different ways in mathematics. 1. To denote ratio or odds, as in 2:1 (voiced "two to one"). 2. To mean such that in ...

Given a complex Hilbert space H with associated space L(H) of continuous linear operators from H to itself, the commutant M^' of an arbitrary subset M subset= L(H) is the ...

There are two distinct notions of connectivity in a directed graph. A directed graph is weakly connected if there is an undirected path between any pair of vertices, and ...

The categorical notion which is dual to product. The coproduct of a family {X_i}_(i in I) of objects of a category is an object C=coproduct_(i in I)X_i, together with a ...

A nonplanar graph G is said to be critical nonplanar if the removal of a vertex results in a planar graph for every vertex of G. Critical nonplanar graphs differ from apex ...

Given two crossed ladders resting against two buildings, what is the distance between the buildings? Let the height at which they cross be h and the lengths of the ladders ...

The average number of regions into which n randomly chosen planes divide a cube is N^_(n)=1/(324)(2n+23)n(n-1)pi+n+1 (Finch 2003, p. 482). The maximum number of regions is ...

A metatheorem in mathematical logic also known under the name "conditional proof." It states that if the sentential formula B can be derived from the set of sentential ...