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A letter of the alphabet drawn with doubled vertical strokes is called doublestruck, or sometimes blackboard bold (because doublestruck characters provide a means of ...

Einstein summation is a notational convention for simplifying expressions including summations of vectors, matrices, and general tensors. There are essentially three rules of ...

A subset E of a topological space S is said to be of first category in S if E can be written as the countable union of subsets which are nowhere dense in S, i.e., if E is ...

The Floyd-Warshall algorithm, also variously known as Floyd's algorithm, the Roy-Floyd algorithm, the Roy-Warshall algorithm, or the WFI algorithm, is an algorithm for ...

A plane curve proposed by Descartes to challenge Fermat's extremum-finding techniques. In parametric form, x = (3at)/(1+t^3) (1) y = (3at^2)/(1+t^3). (2) The curve has a ...

A generalization of the Fibonacci numbers defined by 1=G_1=G_2=...=G_(c-1) and the recurrence relation G_n=G_(n-1)+G_(n-c). (1) These are the sums of elements on successive ...

A googol is a large number equal to 10^(10^2)=10^(100) (i.e., a 1 with 100 zeros following it). Written out explicitly, ...

Define the sequence a_0=1, a_1=x, and a_n=(a_(n-2))/(1+a_(n-1)) (1) for n>=0. The first few values are a_2 = 1/(1+x) (2) a_3 = (x(1+x))/(2+x) (3) a_4 = ...

There are at least two definitions of hypercomplex numbers. Clifford algebraists call their higher dimensional numbers hypercomplex, even though they do not share all the ...

An interior point method is a linear or nonlinear programming method (Forsgren et al. 2002) that achieves optimization by going through the middle of the solid defined by the ...