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A ring is commutative if the multiplication operation is commutative.

Two algebraic objects that are commutative, i.e., A and B such that A*B=B*A for some operation *, are said to commute with each other.

The process of taking the complement of a set or truth function. In the latter case, complementation is equivalent to the NOT operation.

The symmetry operation (x,y,z)->(x,y,-z), etc., which is equivalent to 2^_, where the bar denotes an improper rotation.

A technique is a specific method of performing an operation. The terms algorithm, method, and procedure are also used interchangeably.

Vector subtraction is the process of taking a vector difference, and is the inverse operation to vector addition.

An n×n matrix whose rows are composed of cyclically shifted versions of a length-n list l. For example, the 4×4 circulant matrix on the list l={1,2,3,4} is given by C=[4 1 2 ...

Matrix diagonalization is the process of taking a square matrix and converting it into a special type of matrix--a so-called diagonal matrix--that shares the same fundamental ...

Hadamard matrices H_n can be constructed using finite field GF(p^m) when p=4l-1 and m is odd. Pick a representation r relatively prime to p. Then by coloring white ...

A Vandermonde matrix is a type of matrix that arises in the polynomial least squares fitting, Lagrange interpolating polynomials (Hoffman and Kunze p. 114), and the ...