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An invariant series of a group G is a normal series I=A_0<|A_1<|...<|A_r=G such that each A_i<|G, where H<|G means that H is a normal subgroup of G.

Two groups are isomorphic if the correspondence between them is one-to-one and the "multiplication" table is preserved. For example, the point groups C_2 and D_1 are ...

A special ideal in a commutative ring R. The Jacobson radical is the intersection of the maximal ideals in R. It could be the zero ideal, as in the case of the integers.

The exterior of a knot K is the complement of an open solid torus knotted like K. The removed open solid torus is called a tubular neighborhood (Adams 1994, p. 258).

The Krohn-Rhodes complexity, also called the group complexity or simply "the complexity," of a finite semigroup S is the smallest number of groups in a wreath product of ...

Any finite semigroup is a divisor for an alternating wreath product of finite groups and semigroups.

As Gauss showed in 1812, the hyperbolic tangent can be written using a continued fraction as tanhx=x/(1+(x^2)/(3+(x^2)/(5+...))) (Wall 1948, p. 349; Olds 1963, p. 138).

Suppose that {f_n} is a sequence of measurable functions, that f_n->f pointwise almost everywhere as n->infty, and that |f_n|<=g for all n, where g is integrable. Then f is ...

For a group G, consider a subgroup H with elements h_i and an element x of G not in H, then xh_i for i=1, 2, ... constitute the left coset of the subgroup H with respect to x.

Let H be a subgroup of G. A subset T of elements of G is called a left transversal of H if T contains exactly one element of each left coset of H.