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A measure which takes values in the complex numbers. The set of complex measures on a measure space X forms a vector space. Note that this is not the case for the more common ...

The complexity of a process or algorithm is a measure of how difficult it is to perform. The study of the complexity of algorithms is known as complexity theory. In general, ...

A composite knot is a knot that is not a prime knot. Schubert (1949) showed that every knot can be uniquely decomposed (up to the order in which the decomposition is ...

Every finite group G of order greater than one possesses a finite series of subgroups, called a composition series, such that I<|H_s<|...<|H_2<|H_1<|G, where H_(i+1) is a ...

A computation is an operation that begins with some initial conditions and gives an output which follows from a definite set of rules. The most common example are ...

The computational paradigm is a term introduced by Wolfram (2002, 2021) to describe the idea of using simple programs rather than mathematical equations (the latter of which ...

In machine learning theory and artificial intelligence, a concept c over a domain X is a Boolean function c:X->{0,1}. A collection of concepts is called a concept class. In ...

The Condon-Shortley phase is the factor of (-1)^m that occurs in some definitions of the spherical harmonics (e.g., Arfken 1985, p. 682) to compensate for the lack of ...

In voting theory, a Condorcet candidate is a candidate who always wins in a 2-person election but loses in larger election. For example, consider the 6-tuples of 6-sided die ...

Let a cone of opening parameter c and vertex at (0,0,0) intersect a sphere of radius r centered at (x_0,y_0,z_0), with the cone oriented such that its axis does not pass ...