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In August 2002, M. Agrawal and colleagues announced a deterministic algorithm for determining if a number is prime that runs in polynomial time (Agrawal et al. 2004). While ...

A general n-gonal antiprism is a polyhedron consisting of identical top and bottom n-gonal faces whose periphery is bounded by a band of 2n triangles with alternating up-down ...

The arithmetic mean of a set of values is the quantity commonly called "the" mean or the average. Given a set of samples {x_i}, the arithmetic mean is x^_=1/Nsum_(i=1)^Nx_i. ...

A base-b BBP-type formula is a convergent series formula of the type alpha=sum_(k=0)^infty(p(k))/(b^kq(k)) (1) where p(k) and q(k) are integer polynomials in k (Bailey 2000; ...

The word "base" in mathematics is used to refer to a particular mathematical object that is used as a building block. The most common uses are the related concepts of the ...

The binomial distribution gives the discrete probability distribution P_p(n|N) of obtaining exactly n successes out of N Bernoulli trials (where the result of each Bernoulli ...

A bipartite graph, also called a bigraph, is a set of graph vertices decomposed into two disjoint sets such that no two graph vertices within the same set are adjacent. A ...

A convex polyomino (sometimes called a "convex polygon") is a polyomino whose perimeter is equal to that of its minimal bounding box (Bousquet-Mélou et al. 1999). ...

There exists an integer N such that every string in the look and say sequence "decays" in at most N days to a compound of "common" and "transuranic elements." The table below ...

A division algebra, also called a "division ring" or "skew field," is a ring in which every nonzero element has a multiplicative inverse, but multiplication is not ...