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Modular arithmetic is the arithmetic of congruences, sometimes known informally as "clock arithmetic." In modular arithmetic, numbers "wrap around" upon reaching a given ...

A function is said to be modular (or "elliptic modular") if it satisfies: 1. f is meromorphic in the upper half-plane H, 2. f(Atau)=f(tau) for every matrix A in the modular ...

A set of four points, one of which is the orthocenter of the other three. In an orthocentric system, each point is the orthocenter of the triangle of the other three, as ...

If perpendiculars A^', B^', and C^' are dropped on any line L from the vertices of a triangle DeltaABC, then the perpendiculars to the opposite sides from their perpendicular ...

The path covering number (or path-covering number; Slater 1972) of a graph G, variously denoted as summarized below, is the minimum number of vertex-disjoint paths that cover ...

A pair of elements (p_i,p_j) is called an inversion in a permutation p if i>j and p_i<p_j (Skiena 1990, p. 27; Pemmaraju and Skiena 2003, p. 69). For example, in the ...

The polar sine is a function of a vertex angle of an n-dimensional parallelotope or simplex. If the content of the parallelotope is P and the lengths of the n edges of the ...

A prime factorization algorithm also known as Pollard Monte Carlo factorization method. There are two aspects to the Pollard rho factorization method. The first is the idea ...

The mean triangle area of a triangle picked inside a regular n-gon of unit area is A^__n=(9cos^2omega+52cosomega+44)/(36n^2sin^2omega), (1) where omega=2pi/n (Alikoski 1939; ...

A projection matrix P is an n×n square matrix that gives a vector space projection from R^n to a subspace W. The columns of P are the projections of the standard basis ...