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There are two problems commonly known as the subset sum problem. The first ("given sum problem") is the problem of finding what subset of a list of integers has a given sum, ...

If r is a root of the polynomial equation x^n+a_(n-1)x^(n-1)+...+a_1x+a_0=0, where the a_is are integers and r satisfies no similar equation of degree <n, then r is called an ...

Archimedes' spiral is an Archimedean spiral with polar equation r=atheta. (1) This spiral was studied by Conon, and later by Archimedes in On Spirals about 225 BC. Archimedes ...

Arithmetic is the branch of mathematics dealing with integers or, more generally, numerical computation. Arithmetical operations include addition, congruence calculation, ...

A board is a subset of the polygons determined by a number of (usually regularly spaced and oriented) lines. These polygons form the spaces on which "pieces" can be placed ...

"Casting out nines" is an elementary check of a multiplication which makes use of the congruence 10^n=1 (mod 9). Let decimal numbers be written a=a_n...a_2a_1a_0, ...

The Catalan numbers on nonnegative integers n are a set of numbers that arise in tree enumeration problems of the type, "In how many ways can a regular n-gon be divided into ...

The probability P(a,n) that n random arcs of angular size a cover the circumference of a circle completely (for a circle with unit circumference) is ...

A short theorem used in proving a larger theorem. Related concepts are the axiom, porism, postulate, principle, and theorem. The late mathematician P. Erdős has often been ...

The first definition of the logarithm was constructed by Napier and popularized through his posthumous pamphlet (Napier 1619). It this pamphlet, Napier sought to reduce the ...