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The fundamental theorem of arithmetic states that every positive integer (except the number 1) can be represented in exactly one way apart from rearrangement as a product of ...

A Gaussian sum is a sum of the form S(p,q)=sum_(r=0)^(q-1)e^(-piir^2p/q), (1) where p and q are relatively prime integers. The symbol phi is sometimes used instead of S. ...

The graph diameter of a graph is the length max_(u,v)d(u,v) of the "longest shortest path" (i.e., the longest graph geodesic) between any two graph vertices (u,v), where ...

For any prime number p and any positive integer n, the p^n-rank r_(p^n)(G) of a finitely generated Abelian group G is the number of copies of the cyclic group Z_(p^n) ...

The values of -d for which imaginary quadratic fields Q(sqrt(-d)) are uniquely factorable into factors of the form a+bsqrt(-d). Here, a and b are half-integers, except for ...

A heptahedral graph is a polyhedral graph on seven nodes. There are 34 nonisomorphic heptahedral graphs, as first enumerated by Kirkman (1862-1863) and Hermes (1899ab, 1900, ...

Two sets A and B are said to be independent if their intersection A intersection B=emptyset, where emptyset is the empty set. For example, {A,B,C} and {D,E} are independent, ...

A set-theoretic term having a number of different meanings. Fraenkel (1953, p. 37) used the term as a synonym for "finite set." However, according to Russell's definition ...

The complexity c_n of an integer n is the least number of 1s needed to represent it using only additions, multiplications, and parentheses. For example, the numbers 1 through ...

An isolated point of a graph is a node of degree 0 (Hartsfield and Ringel 1990, p. 8; Harary 1994, p. 15; D'Angelo and West 2000, p. 212; West 2000, p. 22). The number of ...