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The objective of global optimization is to find the globally best solution of (possibly nonlinear) models, in the (possible or known) presence of multiple local optima. ...

The Bowley skewness, also known as quartile skewness coefficient, is defied by ((Q_3-Q_2)-(Q_2-Q_1))/(Q_3-Q_1)=(Q_1-2Q_2+Q_3)/(Q_3-Q_1), where the Qs denote the interquartile ...

A method for testing nested hypotheses. To apply the procedure, given a specific model, calculate the likelihood of observing the actual data. Then compare this likelihood to ...

The grouping of data into bins (spaced apart by the so-called class interval) plotting the number of members in each bin versus the bin number. The above histogram shows the ...

A short set of data that proves the primality of a number. A certificate can, in general, be checked much more quickly than the time required to generate the certificate. ...

The Gini coefficient (or Gini ratio) G is a summary statistic of the Lorenz curve and a measure of inequality in a population. The Gini coefficient is most easily calculated ...

A tree is a mathematical structure that can be viewed as either a graph or as a data structure. The two views are equivalent, since a tree data structure contains not only a ...

A stack is a data structure which is a special kind of list in which elements may be added to or removed from the top only. These actions are called a push or a pop, ...

MANOVA ("multiple analysis of variance") is a procedure for testing the equality of mean vectors of more than two populations. The technique is analogous to ANOVA for ...

A curve in two dimensions on which the value of a function f(x,y) is a constant. Other synonymous terms are equipotential curve, isarithm, and isopleth. A plot of several ...