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In the Minkowski space of special relativity, a four-vector is a four-element vector x^mu=(x^0,x^1,x^2,x^3) that transforms under a Lorentz transformation like the position ...

The inverse hyperbolic cosecant csch^(-1)z (Zwillinger 1995, p. 481), sometimes called the area hyperbolic cosecant (Harris and Stocker 1998, p. 271) and sometimes denoted ...

The Pell graph Pi_n is the graph defined as follows. Consider n-tuples of (0,1,2) such that maximal blocks of an odd number of 2's are forbidden. Take these as the vertices ...

The Pell numbers are the numbers obtained by the U_ns in the Lucas sequence with P=2 and Q=-1. They correspond to the Pell polynomial P_n(x) and Fibonacci polynomial F_n(x) ...

When discussing a rotation, there are two possible conventions: rotation of the axes, and rotation of the object relative to fixed axes. In R^2, consider the matrix that ...

The vertex connectivity kappa(G) of a graph G, also called "point connectivity" or simply "connectivity," is the minimum size of a vertex cut, i.e., a vertex subset S subset= ...

In the American system, one billion equals 10^9=1000000000. In the French and German systems, one billion equals 10^(12). In recent years, the "American" system has become ...

The Condon-Shortley phase is the factor of (-1)^m that occurs in some definitions of the spherical harmonics (e.g., Arfken 1985, p. 682) to compensate for the lack of ...

The Conway polynomial del _L(x), sometimes known as the Conway-Alexander polynomial, is a modified version of the Alexander polynomial Delta_L(x) that was formulated by J. H. ...

A system for specifying points using coordinates measured in some specified way. The simplest coordinate system consists of coordinate axes oriented perpendicularly to each ...