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A subspace A of X is called a retract of X if there is a continuous map f:X->X (called a retraction) such that for all x in X and all a in A, 1. f(x) in A, and 2. f(a)=a. ...

A simple path is a path which is a simple curve. More precisely, a continuous mapping gamma:[a,b]->C^0 is a simple path if it has no self-intersections. Here, C^0 denotes the ...

A set in R^n which can be reduced to one of its points, say P, by a continuous deformation, is said to be contractible. The transformation is such that each point of the set ...

Fischer's z-distribution is the general distribution defined by g(z)=(2n_1^(n_1/2)n_2^(n_2/2))/(B((n_1)/2,(n_2)/2))(e^(n_1z))/((n_1e^(2z)+n_2)^((n_1+n_2)/2)) (1) (Kenney and ...

Given two topological spaces M and N, place an equivalence relationship on the continuous maps f:M->N using homotopies, and write f_1∼f_2 if f_1 is homotopic to f_2. Roughly ...

A path gamma is a continuous mapping gamma:[a,b]|->C^0, where gamma(a) is the initial point, gamma(b) is the final point, and C^0 denotes the space of continuous functions. ...

Let X=(X,tau) be a topological vector space whose continuous dual X^* separates points (i.e., is T2). The weak topology tau_w on X is defined to be the coarsest/weakest ...

If X_i for i=1, ..., m has a multivariate normal distribution with mean vector mu=0 and covariance matrix Sigma, and X denotes the m×p matrix composed of the row vectors X_i, ...

Kontsevich's integral is a far-reaching generalization of the Gauss integral for the linking number, and provides a tool to construct the universal Vassiliev invariant of a ...

The arithmetic mean of a set of values is the quantity commonly called "the" mean or the average. Given a set of samples {x_i}, the arithmetic mean is x^_=1/Nsum_(i=1)^Nx_i. ...