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A coincidence is a surprising concurrence of events, perceived as meaningfully related, with no apparent causal connection (Diaconis and Mosteller 1989). Given a large number ...

Three or more points P_1, P_2, P_3, ..., are said to be collinear if they lie on a single straight line L. A line on which points lie, especially if it is related to a ...

A fundamental system of logic based on the concept of a generalized function whose argument is also a function (Schönfinkel 1924). This mathematical discipline was ...

Let A denote an R-algebra, so that A is a vector space over R and A×A->A (1) (x,y)|->x·y. (2) Now define Z={x in A:x·y=0 for some y in A!=0}, (3) where 0 in Z. An Associative ...

A compact manifold is a manifold that is compact as a topological space. Examples are the circle (the only one-dimensional compact manifold) and the n-dimensional sphere and ...

The complete elliptic integral of the second kind, illustrated above as a function of k, is defined by E(k) = E(1/2pi,k) (1) = ...

The constant a_(-1) in the Laurent series f(z)=sum_(n=-infty)^inftya_n(z-z_0)^n (1) of f(z) about a point z_0 is called the residue of f(z). If f is analytic at z_0, its ...

The study of efficient algorithms for solving geometric problems. Examples of problems treated by computational geometry include determination of the convex hull and Voronoi ...

Concentric circles are circles with a common center. The region between two concentric circles of different radii is called an annulus. Any two circles can be made concentric ...

A method of computing the determinant of a square matrix due to Charles Dodgson (1866) (who is more famous under his pseudonym Lewis Carroll). The method is useful for hand ...