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There are two different definitions of the polar angle. In the plane, the polar angle theta is the counterclockwise angle from the x-axis at which a point in the xy-plane ...

An integer which is expressible in more than one way in the form x^2+Dy^2 or x^2-Dy^2 where x^2 is relatively prime to Dy^2. If the integer is expressible in only one way, it ...

The Pontryagin number is defined in terms of the Pontryagin class of a manifold as follows. For any collection of Pontryagin classes such that their cup product has the same ...

The term used in physics and engineering for a harmonic function. Potential functions are extremely useful, for example, in electromagnetism, where they reduce the study of a ...

The general bivariate quadratic curve can be written ax^2+2bxy+cy^2+2dx+2fy+g=0. (1) Define the following quantities: Delta = |a b d; b c f; d f g| (2) J = |a b; b c| (3) I = ...

To compute an integral of the form int(dx)/(a+bx+cx^2), (1) complete the square in the denominator to obtain int(dx)/(a+bx+cx^2)=1/cint(dx)/((x+b/(2c))^2+(a/c-(b^2)/(4c^2))). ...

A generalized conformal mapping.

A statistical distribution in which the variates occur with probabilities asymptotically matching their "true" underlying statistical distribution is said to be random.

Consider a second-order ordinary differential equation y^('')+P(x)y^'+Q(x)y=0. If P(x) and Q(x) remain finite at x=x_0, then x_0 is called an ordinary point. If either P(x) ...

If Li_2(x) denotes the usual dilogarithm, then there are two variants that are normalized slightly differently, both called the Rogers L-function (Rogers 1907). Bytsko (1999) ...