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A branch of mathematics which encompasses many diverse areas of minimization and optimization. Optimization theory is the more modern term for operations research. ...

A tetromino is a 4-polyomino. There are five free tetrominoes, seven one-sided tetrominoes, and 19 fixed tetrominoes. The free tetrominoes are known as the T-tetromino, ...

Bowling, known as "ten pins" throughout most of the world, is a game played by rolling a heavy ball down a long narrow track and attempting to knock down ten pins arranged in ...

A roll of 4 on a pair of six-sided dice in the game of craps (Gardner 1978, p. 256). The probability of rolling "a little Joe" is 1/12, or 8.333...%. A roll of "4 the hard ...

A pentomino is a 5-polyomino. There are 12 free pentominoes, 18 one-sided pentominoes, and 63 fixed pentominoes. The twelve free pentominoes are known by the letters of the ...

Yahtzee is a game played with five 6-sided dice. Players take turns rolling the dice, and trying to get certain types of rolls, each with an assigned point value, as ...

Consider a game, first proposed by Nicolaus Bernoulli, in which a player bets on how many tosses of a coin will be needed before it first turns up heads. The player pays a ...

A one-person game played on a rectangular lattice of lamps which can be turned on and off. A move consists of flipping a "switch" inside one of the squares, thereby toggling ...

A permutation problem invented by Cayley. Let the numbers 1, 2, ..., n be written on a set of cards, and shuffle this deck of cards. Now, start counting using the top card. ...

Consider a game where everyone in a classroom picks a number between 0 and 100. The person closest to half the average wins. Obviously, picking a number over 50 would be ...