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The term "biquadratic equation" is sometimes used to as a synonym for quartic equation (Beyer 1987b, p. 34), but perhaps more commonly (e.g., Hazewinkel 1988; Gellert et al. ...

A Borel set is an element of a Borel sigma-algebra. Roughly speaking, Borel sets are the sets that can be constructed from open or closed sets by repeatedly taking countable ...

For a general quadrilateral with sides of length a, b, c, and d, the area K is given by (1) where s=1/2(a+b+c+d) (2) is the semiperimeter, A is the angle between a and d, and ...

A real-valued stochastic process {B(t):t>=0} is a Brownian motion which starts at x in R if the following properties are satisfied: 1. B(0)=x. 2. For all times ...

A catastrophe which can occur for four control factors and one behavior axis. The butterfly catastrophe is the universal unfolding of the singularity f(x)=x^6 of codimension ...

If, in two solids of equal altitude, the sections made by planes parallel to and at the same distance from their respective bases are always equal, then the volumes of the ...

A Gaussian quadrature-like formula over the interval [-1,1] which has weighting function W(x)=x. The general formula is int_(-1)^1xf(x)dx=sum_(i=1)^nw_i[f(x_i)-f(-x_i)]. n ...

A Gaussian quadrature-like formula for numerical estimation of integrals. It uses weighting function W(x)=1 in the interval [-1,1] and forces all the weights to be equal. The ...

The involute of the circle was first studied by Huygens when he was considering clocks without pendula for use on ships at sea. He used the circle involute in his first ...

A circular sector is a wedge obtained by taking a portion of a disk with central angle theta<pi radians (180 degrees), illustrated above as the shaded region. A sector with ...