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The n-ladder graph can be defined as L_n=P_2 square P_n, where P_n is a path graph (Hosoya and Harary 1993; Noy and Ribó 2004, Fig. 1). It is therefore equivalent to the 2×n ...

Nonstandard analysis is a branch of mathematical logic which introduces hyperreal numbers to allow for the existence of "genuine infinitesimals," which are numbers that are ...

secz is the trigonometric function defined by secz = 1/(cosz) (1) = 2/(e^(iz)+e^(-iz)), (2) where cosz is the cosine. The secant is implemented in the Wolfram Language as ...

An Abelian category is a category for which the constructions and techniques of homological algebra are available. The basic examples of such categories are the category of ...

The absolute value of a real number x is denoted |x| and defined as the "unsigned" portion of x, |x| = xsgn(x) (1) = {-x for x<=0; x for x>=0, (2) where sgn(x) is the sign ...

There are several definitions of "almost Hamiltonian" in use. As defined by Punnim et al. (2007), an almost Hamiltonian graph is a graph on n nodes having Hamiltonian number ...

Given two intersecting lines or line segments, the amount of rotation about the point of intersection (the vertex) required to bring one into correspondence with the other is ...

The n-ball, denoted B^n, is the interior of a sphere S^(n-1), and sometimes also called the n-disk. (Although physicists often use the term "sphere" to mean the solid ball, ...

Find a way to stack a square of cannonballs laid out on the ground into a square pyramid (i.e., find a square number which is also square pyramidal). This corresponds to ...

Cartesian coordinates are rectilinear two- or three-dimensional coordinates (and therefore a special case of curvilinear coordinates) which are also called rectangular ...