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The Spieker center is the center Sp of the Spieker circle, i.e., the incenter of the medial triangle of a reference triangle DeltaABC. It is also the center of the excircles ...

There are at least two distinct notions of when a point process is stationary. The most commonly utilized terminology is as follows: Intuitively, a point process X defined on ...

A pair of numbers m and n such that sigma^*(m)=sigma^*(n)=m+n, where sigma^*(n) is the unitary divisor function. Hagis (1971) and García (1987) give 82 such pairs. The first ...

The degree of a graph vertex v of a graph G is the number of graph edges which touch v. The vertex degrees are illustrated above for a random graph. The vertex degree is also ...

Let a random n×n (0,1)-matrix have entries which are 1 (with probability p) or 0 (with probability q=1-p). An s-cluster is an isolated group of s adjacent (i.e., horizontally ...

A fractal is an object or quantity that displays self-similarity, in a somewhat technical sense, on all scales. The object need not exhibit exactly the same structure at all ...

A Boolean algebra is a mathematical structure that is similar to a Boolean ring, but that is defined using the meet and join operators instead of the usual addition and ...

The characteristic polynomial is the polynomial left-hand side of the characteristic equation det(A-lambdaI)=0, (1) where A is a square matrix and I is the identity matrix of ...

The simplest class of one-dimensional cellular automata. Elementary cellular automata have two possible values for each cell (0 or 1), and rules that depend only on nearest ...

The fundamental group of an arcwise-connected set X is the group formed by the sets of equivalence classes of the set of all loops, i.e., paths with initial and final points ...