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Consider a convex plane curve K with perimeter L, and the set of points P exterior to K. Further, let t_1 and t_2 be the perpendicular distances from P to K (with ...

A special case of Stokes' theorem in which F is a vector field and M is an oriented, compact embedded 2-manifold with boundary in R^3, and a generalization of Green's theorem ...

A discrete group is a topological group with the discrete topology. Often in practice, discrete groups arise as discrete subgroups of continuous Lie groups acting on a ...

A surface of revolution which is generalization of the ring torus. It is produced by rotating an ellipse having horizontal semi-axis a, vertical semi-axis b, embedded in the ...

An elongated square pyramid is a solid formed by attaching a square pyramid atop a square prism. Such a solid might also be termed an obelisk (although that term is also used ...

The E_n(x) function is defined by the integral E_n(x)=int_1^infty(e^(-xt)dt)/(t^n) (1) and is given by the Wolfram Language function ExpIntegralE[n, x]. Defining t=eta^(-1) ...

A map projection in which areas on a sphere, and the areas of any features contained on it, are mapped to the plane in such a way that two are related by a constant scaling ...

When referring to a planar object, "free" means that the object is regarded as capable of being picked up out of the plane and flipped over. As a result, mirror images are ...

The modular group Gamma is the set of all transformations w of the form w(t)=(at+b)/(ct+d), where a, b, c, and d are integers and ad-bc=1. A Gamma-modular function is then ...

A group action G×Omega->Omega might preserve a special kind of partition of Omega called a system of blocks. A block is a subset Delta of Omega such that for any group ...