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Given a planar graph G, a geometric dual graph and combinatorial dual graph can be defined. Whitney showed that these are equivalent (Harary 1994), so that one may speak of ...

The Eisenstein integers, sometimes also called the Eisenstein-Jacobi integers (Finch 2003, p. 601), are numbers of the form a+bomega, where a and b are normal integers, ...

The classic treatise in geometry written by Euclid and used as a textbook for more than 1000 years in western Europe. An Arabic version The Elements appears at the end of the ...

Let the elliptic modulus k satisfy 0<k^2<1, and the Jacobi amplitude be given by phi=amu with -pi/2<phi<pi/2. The incomplete elliptic integral of the first kind is then ...

Erfc is the complementary error function, commonly denoted erfc(z), is an entire function defined by erfc(z) = 1-erf(z) (1) = 2/(sqrt(pi))int_z^inftye^(-t^2)dt. (2) It is ...

Gaussian curvature, sometimes also called total curvature (Kreyszig 1991, p. 131), is an intrinsic property of a space independent of the coordinate system used to describe ...

The Gaussian integral, also called the probability integral and closely related to the erf function, is the integral of the one-dimensional Gaussian function over ...

In celestial mechanics, the fixed path a planet traces as it moves around the sun is called an orbit. When a group G acts on a set X (this process is called a group action), ...

The Hamiltonian number h(n) of a connected graph G is the length of a Hamiltonian walk G. In other words, it is the minimum length of a closed spanning walk in the graph. For ...

There are at least two maps known as the Hénon map. The first is the two-dimensional dissipative quadratic map given by the coupled equations x_(n+1) = 1-alphax_n^2+y_n (1) ...